pivmeta
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://matthiasprobst.github.io/pivmeta/3.1.0
abstract: PIVMeta is an ontology that has been developed for the purpose of describing Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data. At present, its functionality is limited to planar PIV (2D2C and 2D3C) setups.
created: 2024-01-03
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8729-0482
license: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
modified: 2024-01-03
title: piv: An ontology draft for describing particle image velocimetry data.
preferred namespace prefix: piv
contact person: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8729-0482
version info: v3.1.0

BFO_0000051
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
label: has part

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: Process
range: Process
definition: x precedes y if and only if the time point at which x ends is before or equivalent to the time point at which y starts. Formally: x precedes y iff ω(x) <= α(y), where α is a function that maps a process to a start point, and ω is a function that maps a process to an end point.

has parameter
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: method
  union of: tool
range: variable
definition: Points to a parameter of a given method or tool.

realizes method
type: ObjectProperty
domain: ProcessingStep
range: method
definition: Points to a method that is used within a given processing step

was generated by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: dataset
range: activity

has source code
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: is source code of
domain: Class
  union of: virtual setup
  union of: virtual tool
range: software source code
definition: Relates a computational model or concept to the source code that implements it.

is source code of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: software source code
range: Class
  union of: virtual setup
  union of: virtual tool

allowed flag
type: ObjectProperty
domain: flag scheme
range: Flag
definition: Lists the atomic flags that are valid within the scheme.

has flag mapping
type: ObjectProperty
domain: flag scheme
range: flag mapping
definition: Associates a flag scheme with its explicit value to mappings.

has flag scheme
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: HDF5 dataset
  union of: Resource
range: flag scheme
definition: Relates a dataset or data resource to the flag scheme defining the valid flag meanings and encoding method (bitwise or enumerated). Typically used on HDF5 datasets, but may also annotate entire distributions or files represented as dcat:Resource.

has metric
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Image Velocimetry Distribution
range: variable
definition: A numerical value derived from or related to the distribution's content.

has PIV data type
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: type
domain: Image Velocimetry Distribution
range: PIV data type
definition: relates the PIV data type to a distribution

has setup
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: BFO_0000051
inverse of: is setup for
domain: Image Velocimetry Dataset
range: Setup
definition: Relates a dataset to the setup used to generate it.

has window weighting function
type: ObjectProperty
domain: correlation method
range: window weighting function
definition: Points to the window weighting function used by the correlation method.

is setup for
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: BFO_0000050
domain: Setup
range: Image Velocimetry Dataset
definition: Relates a setup to the dataset(s) it was used for.

manufacturer
type: ObjectProperty
domain: tool
range: Organization
definition: Manufacturer of a m4i:Tool

maps to flag
type: ObjectProperty
domain: flag mapping
range: Flag
definition: Connects a piv:FlagMapping entry to the corresponding piv:Flag.

outlier replacement scheme
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Outlier detection method
range: Outlier replacement scheme
definition: Points to the outlier replacement scheme used by the PIV validation process.

uses acquisition software
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: uses software

uses analysis software
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: uses software

uses flag scheme type
type: ObjectProperty
domain: flag scheme
range: flag scheme type
definition: Specifies whether the scheme is bitwise or enumerated.

uses software
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: BFO_0000051
domain: Class
  union of: ProcessingStep
  union of: Setup
range: software

has standard name
type: ObjectProperty
domain: NumericalVariable
range: StandardName

unit
type: ObjectProperty
domain: StandardName
range: unit
definition: The canonical unit of the standard name

filename pattern
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Image Velocimetry Distribution
range: string
definition: The regular expression string to determine the image filenames in the distribution.

fnumber
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: camera
range: Literal

has flag value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: flag mapping
range: unsignedInt
definition: Concrete integer value that encodes one or more flags. In a FlagMapping, it defines how numeric values map to flag definitions. In a FlagValue, it represents the actual value stored with data.

mask
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Flag
range: unsignedInt
definition: Non-negative integer used for encoding. For bitwise schemes: powers of two; 0 is reserved for 'no flag'.

meaning
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Flag
range: string
definition: Human-readable meaning of the atomic flag.
note: Prefer skos:prefLabel for the human-readable flag name; piv:meaning is kept for backward compatibility.

time value
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: temporal variable
range: Datatype
  union of: date
  union of: dateTime
definition: Canonical timestamp value.
example: 2024-07-25T13:45:30

standard name
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: StandardName
range: string
definition: Name for a standard name, e.g. "x_velocity". The construction of a standard name string is defined by the standard name table. E.g. no spaces are allowed and specific pre- and suffixes are allowed.
example: x_derivative_of_y_velocity

with image deformation
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: interrogation method
range: boolean
definition: Flag, indicating whether the algorithm uses image deformation technique as described in Raffel et al. (2018) "Particle Image Velocimetry: A Practical Guide", Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68852-7.

has documentation
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: software
range: anyURI

experiment
type: Class
definition: An experiment is a process that is intended to replicate a physical phenomenon in a controlled environment.

physics based simulation
type: Class
definition: A simulation that relies on physics based models, according to the Review of Materials Modelling and CWA 17284:2018.

HDF5 dataset
type: Class
definition: An HDF5 Dataset.

realizable entity
type: Class
definition: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
preferred label: realisierbare Entität @de

unit
type: Class
definition: Unit of measure

method
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
definition: Abstract description of a method for analysis, generation and transformation of data and material objects like, e.g., 'Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy' or 'Molecular Dynamics Simulation'. Note that while values for relevant parameters should be provided, m4i:Method does not refer to the actual execution of the process that is described (use m4i:ProcessingStep for that), but rather a description of the underlying principle.

text variable
type: Class
subclass of: variable

tool
type: Class
definition: Object that helps an agent perform an action (e.g., John wrote a book with a pen), i.e., an object of the relation schema:instrument or m4i:hasTool

property
type: Class
subclass of: variable
definition: Property, i.e., a variable that can be considered (as an investigated property, i.e., target property) within a processing step

variable
type: Class
subclass of: intangible
definition: Variable, i.e., a conventional that is employed for something to which values can be assigned (this may include different notations for the same variable including, e.g., computational representations); this is to be understood very generally, e.g., a variable may be an array or set of elements or have another kind of internal structure

dataset
type: Class

Distribution
type: Class

activity
type: Class
subclass of: Process

background subtraction method
type: Class
subclass of: image velocimetry method
example: Can be direct subtraction of background, division of image by background or a combination.

bitwise flag scheme
type: Class
subclass of: flag scheme type
definition: Flag values can be combined using bitwise OR; atoms are recovered via bitwise AND with each piv:mask.

camera
type: Class
subclass of: optic sensor
comment: Use 'has part' to relate components like an objective to the camera

correlation method
type: Class
subclass of: image velocimetry method
definition: The correlation method used by the PIV evaluation process

digital camera
type: Class
subclass of: camera
definition: A Digital Camera captures photographs or videos in a digital format.

enumerated flag scheme
type: Class
subclass of: flag scheme type
definition: Each flag value represents a mutually exclusive state; combinations are not used.

experimental setup
type: Class
subclass of: Setup
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: digital camera
  on property: BFO_0000051
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: laser
  on property: BFO_0000051
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV particle
  on property: BFO_0000051
disjoint with: virtual setup
comment: Use prov:hasPart to relate the tools used.
definition: An experimental setup applying the Particle Image or Tracking Velocimetry method. The class should be related to the tools used in the experiment.

Flag
type: Class
subclass of: Concept
subclass of: Restriction
  cardinality: 1
  on property: mask
subclass of: Restriction
  cardinality: 1
  on property: meaning
definition: An elementary flag concept representing one minimal, indivisible condition that may be assigned to data points in a PIV dataset (e.g., “active”, “masked”, “filtered”). Each Flag corresponds to a single power-of-two mask value that can be combined with others by bitwise OR operations to form composite flag values.
note: Use piv:mask for the numeric bit value and piv:meaning (or skos:prefLabel) for the human-readable label.

flag mapping
type: Class
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: Flag
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: maps to flag
subclass of: Restriction
  on data range: unsignedInt
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: has flag value
definition: Associates a concrete integer value with a piv:Flag within a scheme.

flag scheme
type: Class
definition: A scheme defining the set of valid flag atoms and the interpretation rules for flag values in a dataset. A scheme declares whether values are mutually exclusive (enumerated) or bitwise-combinable.

flag scheme type
type: Class
definition: Describes how flag values are interpreted (bitwise vs enumerated).

image manipulation method
type: Class
subclass of: image velocimetry method
definition: The image manipulation method used by the PIV pre-processing step, e.g. image rotation.

Image Velocimetry Dataset
type: Class
subclass of: dataset
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: Setup
  on property: BFO_0000051
definition: A dataset holding data about PIV or PTV

Image Velocimetry Distribution
type: Class
subclass of: Distribution
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV data type
  on property: has PIV data type
definition: A distribution related to a velocimetry experiment (PIV or PTV)

image velocimetry method
type: Class
subclass of: method
definition: The velocimetry method applied.

interrogation method
type: Class
subclass of: image velocimetry method

laser
type: Class
subclass of: light source
definition: A Device which emits light via amplification.

lens
type: Class
subclass of: optical component

lens system
type: Class
subclass of: optical component
definition: A number of lenses used in combination.

light source
type: Class
subclass of: optical component
definition: An object or device that emits light

minimum intensity background subtraction method
type: Class
subclass of: background subtraction method
definition: Background subtraction method which takes the minimum intensity at all pixels over a defined number of images from the experiment (with tracer particles) and subtracts it from each image which is taken for the PIV analysis..

multigrid
type: Class
subclass of: interrogation method
definition: PIV multi grid method. The correlation and validation methods are executed on different interrogation window sizes starting from large to small.

multipass
type: Class
subclass of: interrogation method
definition: A PIV multiple pass interrogation window, which uses the local integer displacement in a subsequent interrogation pass by offsetting the interrogation windows. This increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the correlation peak as unmatched particle images are avoided.

objective
type: Class
subclass of: tool
subclass of: lens system
definition: The optical element that gathers light and focuses it on the camera sensor.

optic sensor
type: Class
subclass of: optical component

optical component
type: Class
subclass of: tool

Outlier detection method
type: Class
subclass of: image velocimetry method
definition: Outlier detection method used to mark or interpolate spurious vectors.

Outlier replacement scheme
type: Class
subclass of: Concept
definition: Method used, to replace outliers.

PIV Analysis
type: Class
subclass of: ProcessingStep
subclass of: Restriction
  on class: image velocimetry method
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: realizes method
disjoint with: PIV Processing step
definition: High-level PIV Analysis processing step. All other PIV Processing steps like recording, pre processing, evaluation and post processing should be references using m4i:startsWith and m4i:endsWith

PIV background generation
type: Class
subclass of: PIV Processing step
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV pre processing
  on property: precedes
definition: Processing step of measuring or calculating the background image or images.

PIV calibration
type: Class
subclass of: PIV Processing step
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV recording
  on property: precedes
definition: Processing step to determine the optical magnification and field of view

PIV data type
type: Class
definition: The type of the distribution

PIV dataset
type: Class
subclass of: Image Velocimetry Dataset
comment: Use obo:hasPart to relate a used Tool like a camera or laser to the PIV Dataset
definition: A collection of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) data, published or curated by a single agent, and available for access or download in one or more representations.

PIV evaluation
type: Class
subclass of: PIV Processing step
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV post processing
  on property: precedes
definition: Main step of a PIV evaluation applying the methods to determine the velocity

PIV mask generation
type: Class
subclass of: PIV Processing step
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV pre processing
  on property: BFO_0000050
definition: Processing step creating a PIV mask

PIV particle
type: Class
subclass of: tool
definition: Refers to one or generally many tracer particles, also called seeding particles. Its parameters should be described via m4i:hasParameter.

PIV post processing
type: Class
subclass of: PIV Processing step
definition: Processing step after the main evaluation applying methods like validation and filtering.

PIV pre processing
type: Class
subclass of: PIV Processing step
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV evaluation
  on property: precedes
definition: Processing step applying methods before the main evaluation like image enhancements.

PIV Processing step
type: Class
subclass of: ProcessingStep
definition: Individual processing step of a PIV measurement. The concrete subclasses should be used to clearly define the individual steps in their order to enable traceability of a PIV measurement.

PIV recording
type: Class
subclass of: PIV Processing step
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV pre processing
  on property: precedes
definition: Processing step of taking the images

PIV software
type: Class
subclass of: tool
subclass of: software
definition: Software tool to perform Particle Image or Tracking Velocimetry evaluation.

PTV dataset
type: Class
subclass of: Image Velocimetry Dataset
definition: A collection of Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PIV) data, published or curated by a single agent, and available for access or download in one or more representations.

peak search method
type: Class
subclass of: image velocimetry method
comment: Method fitting the sub pixel peak in the correlation signal.
example: Peak centroid, Parabolic peak fit or Gaussian peak fit.

Setup
type: Class
definition: A Particle Image or Tracking Velocimetry Setup

singlepass
type: Class
subclass of: interrogation method
definition: Standard single pass interrogation algorithm.

synthetic PIV particle
type: Class
subclass of: virtual tool
definition: Refers to one or generally many synthetically generated (modelled) tracer particles, also called seeding particles. Its parameters should be described via m4i:hasParameter. The source code generating the particles should be stated via codemeta:hasSourceCode.

temporal variable
type: Class
subclass of: text variable
subclass of: Restriction
  on data range: Datatype
    union of: date
    union of: dateTime
  qualified cardinality: 1
  on property: time value
definition: A variable with a canonical time value (date or dateTimeStamp) given in piv:timeValue.

virtual camera
type: Class
subclass of: camera
subclass of: virtual tool
definition: A computational model of a digital camera. A set of parameters should be added using h4i:hasParameter and the source code relation using codemeta:hasSourceCode

virtual laser
type: Class
subclass of: light source
subclass of: virtual tool
definition: A virtual laser used in synthetic PIV codes.

virtual setup
type: Class
subclass of: Setup
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: PIV particle
  on property: BFO_0000051
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: virtual camera
  on property: BFO_0000051
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: virtual laser
  on property: BFO_0000051
definition: A simulation that relies on physics based models for a PIV Experiment.

virtual tool
type: Class
subclass of: tool
subclass of: Restriction
  some values from: variable
  on property: has parameter
definition: The virtual or computational object that helped the agent perform the action, e.g. John took a photo with his modelled camera.

window weighting function
type: Class
subclass of: Concept

intangible
type: Class
definition: A utility class that serves as the umbrella for a number of 'intangible' things such as quantities, structured values, etc.

software source code
type: Class
subclass of: CreativeWork
definition: Computer programming source code. Example: Full (compile ready) solutions, code snippet samples, scripts, templates.

software
type: Class

Q1110547
type: Class
subclass of: laser
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept
definition: Neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser

AmountOfSubstancePerUnitArea
type: NamedIndividual
type: QuantityKind
description: Amount of Substance per unit area
applicable unit: per pixel
example: Typically used to describe the particle image density in a PIV image, also known as ppp (particle per pixel).
label: Amount of Substance per Unit Area

blackman window
type: NamedIndividual
type: image manipulation method

DEHS
type: NamedIndividual
type: PIV particle
definition: diethylhexyl sebacate

experimental image
type: NamedIndividual
type: PIV data type

active
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 1
meaning: active

disabled
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 8
meaning: disabled

filtered
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 16
meaning: filtered

inactive
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 0
meaning: inactive

interpolated
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 32
meaning: interpolated

manualedit
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 128
meaning: manualedit

masked
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 2
meaning: masked

noresult
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 4
meaning: noresult

replaced
type: NamedIndividual
type: Flag
mask: 64
meaning: replaced

Gaussian window
type: NamedIndividual
type: window weighting function

Hamming window
type: NamedIndividual
type: window weighting function

Hann window
type: NamedIndividual
type: window weighting function

image
type: NamedIndividual
type: PIV data type
definition: An image showing Particles illuminated by a laser from a Particle Image or Tracking Velocimetry measurement.

image dewarping
type: NamedIndividual
type: image manipulation method
definition: The process of dewarping a distorted image, e.g. due to the fisheye effect.

image filtering
type: NamedIndividual
type: image manipulation method
definition: A process of manipulate an image in order to remove unwanted effects or enhance certain information in an image.

image horizontal flip
type: NamedIndividual
type: image manipulation method
definition: method of flipping an image horizontally

interpolation
type: NamedIndividual
type: Outlier replacement scheme
definition: Method to replace vectors identified as invalid by interpolating from surrounding data.

left right flip
type: NamedIndividual
type: image manipulation method

Mask
type: NamedIndividual
type: PIV data type
definition: Mask data to mask out areas that should not be evaluated

millimeter per pixel
type: NamedIndividual
type: unit
description: Millimeters per pixel, representing the optical magnification where the length in millimeters corresponds to the number of pixels in the image.
has quantity kind: spatial resolution
symbol: mm/pixel

per pixel
type: NamedIndividual
type: unit
description: A reciprocal unit of pixel.
has quantity kind: spatial resolution
symbol: 1/pixel
example: Typically used to describe the particle image density in a PIV image, also known as ppp (particle per pixel).

Particle Image Velocimetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: image velocimetry method
definition: Method to measure velocities in fluid.

Particle Tracking Velocimetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: image velocimetry method
definition: A measurement technique to measure the velocity of particles.

processed image
type: NamedIndividual
type: PIV data type
definition: A PIV or PTV image, which has been manipulated by filtering or other operations on its pixel values.

RawBackgroundImageSubtraction
type: NamedIndividual
type: background subtraction method
definition: A method of subtracting a background image which was recorded when no tracers were in the investigated domain
note: raw background image subtraction

re-evaluate with larger sample
type: NamedIndividual
type: Outlier replacement scheme

result data
type: NamedIndividual
type: PIV data type
definition: Image Velocimetry result data, e.g. data resulting from PIV, PTV or other specialized methods. Contains at least displacement and coordinate data

spatial resolution
type: NamedIndividual
type: QuantityKind
comment: A quantity kind representing length per pixel in an image.

split image
type: NamedIndividual
type: image manipulation method

square window
type: NamedIndividual
type: window weighting function

synthetic image
type: NamedIndividual
type: PIV data type

top bottom flip
type: NamedIndividual
type: image manipulation method

try lower order peaks
type: NamedIndividual
type: Outlier replacement scheme

Tukey window
type: NamedIndividual
type: window weighting function

Micro Particle Image Velocimetry
type: NamedIndividual
type: image velocimetry method
definition: Microscopic PIV. Example Applications can be found in Raffel et al. (2018) "Particle Image Velocimetry: A Practical Guide", Springer, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68852-7.

Q1146001
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept
definition: object or device that emits light

Q38867
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept
comment: Class from wikidata representing a Laser
definition: device which emits light via optical amplification